What happens if you cool carbon dioxide

K CO 2 concentration corrected for water vapor dilution, ppmv. Column I of Part 2 is the baseline CO 2 concentration of This value is above the average value for of approximately ppmv.

From the The method of Column C in Table 1 is used to calculate Regardless of the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere, the gas laws always show a decrease in concentration with increased temperature and vice versa. The same result can be obtained using physical psychrometric charts available from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air—Conditioning Engineers, Inc. The ratio of the number of water molecules to the number of CO 2 molecules in Column L is calculated using the baseline concentration of The ratio of the number of molecules is proportional to the concentration in parts per million by volume, ppmv.

It is shown to help the reader better visualize the large differences in concentrations and warming effects between water vapor and CO 2.

In Figure 2 , it is the gas laws that cause CO 2 concentration in dry air to fall by 26 ppmv from to ppmv from January to August. As the air warms it expands and there are fewer molecules of CO 2 per cubic metre. Water vapor dilution causes CO 2 concentration to drop another 6 ppmv and the effect of vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere drops it another 6 ppmv to ppmv. This is clear evidence that increased atmospheric temperature is associated with reduced CO 2 concentration.

B , CO 2 concentration falls 26 ppmv Col. J , water vapour rises by ppmv Col. This is conclusive evidence that from winter to summer the warming by water vapor counteracts the small cooling by CO 2. Conversely, from summer to winter, the warming effect of CO 2 tends to warm the air as water vapor is cooling it.

But the effects by CO 2 each time are so small as to be negligible. This evidence comes to light because the gas laws show that in the atmosphere CO 2 concentration falls as temperature rises.

By examining the warming curves for water vapor 2 and CO 2 Lightfoot et al. Climate models consistently project increased atmospheric warming with increased CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere. This could not happen if the models accounted for the fact that the large warming and cooling effects of water vapor counteract the small cooling and warming effects of CO 2.

The inverse relationship between CO 2 and temperature also occurs daily as shown in Figure 3 for Montreal, Canada. Figure 1 shows the measured difference in back radiation between January and July at Hamburg on the left hand axis as it increases from to Watts per square metre Wm —2.

The key point is that from winter to summer the warming by back radiation works against the small cooling effect of CO 2 when the two are together in the atmosphere. Similarly, from summer to winter, the cooling effect of water vapor works against the small warming effect of CO 2.

Table 3 summarizes the results of applying the calculations of Table 2 to the average weather records at four locations from the Arctic to the Tropics. These locations with latitude and elevation are Barrow, Alaska The summer is warmer than the winter because the average back radiation in summer is In other words, CO 2 reduces the January difference of Wm —2 by 1. From the Arctic to the Tropics, the warming effect of CO 2 is so small at 0. Figure 4 is the average monthly back radiation in Wm —2 recorded at Hamburg, Germany.

Figure 4 Back radiation from Wild et al. The dotted and dashed lines are computer simulations. Carbon dioxide exists as a liquid below the critical temperature of 31C and above the triple point with a temperature of Generally, CO2 gas is transported, stored and handled in liquid form, either in cylinders or non-insulated storage tanks at a pressure of bar or refrigerated tanks at temperatures between C and C and pressures of 12 to 25 bar.

Demand for liquid CO2 in various industries has grown tremendously. This reflects the diverse applications of this gas. Liquid carbon dioxide is widely used in the entertainment industry to achieve special effects.

With liquid co2, many special effects are easier and economical to achieve. Without it, it would require expensive pyro technique equipment to produce these effects:. These clouds are used to reveal lighting beams in a music concert.

The gas serves to accentuate the effect of spotlights. The cloudy effect is produced by passing compressed c02 through a reservoir of highly refined mineral oil. Liquid carbon dioxide is used together with fog machines to produce a low-lying fog effect. Handling: Prevent accidental contact with incompatible chemicals. Use the pressure regulator appropriate for cylinder pressure and contents. Secure cylinder in an up-right position. Protect cylinders from damage.

Use a suitable hand truck to move cylinders; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. If used in a confined space, check for oxygen deficiency before worker entry and during work. Storage: Store in an area that is: cool, dry, well-ventilated, out of direct sunlight and away from heat and ignition sources, temperature-controlled, secure and separate from work areas, on the ground floor or preferably, if storing in large volumes, in an isolated, detached building. Always secure e.

Since legislation varies by jurisdiction, contact your local jurisdiction for exact details. A list of which acts and regulations that cover exposure limits to chemical and biological agents is available on our website.

Please note that while you can see the list of legislation for free, you will need a subscription to view the actual documentation. Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust ventilation, if general ventilation is not adequate to control amount in the air.

Skin Protection: Always wear insulated protective clothing, if contact with refrigerated gas is possible. Add a badge to your website or intranet so your workers can quickly find answers to their health and safety questions. Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information, CCOHS does not guarantee, warrant, represent or undertake that the information provided is correct, accurate or current.

CCOHS is not liable for any loss, claim, or demand arising directly or indirectly from any use or reliance upon the information. OSH Answers Fact Sheets Easy-to-read, question-and-answer fact sheets covering a wide range of workplace health and safety topics, from hazards to diseases to ergonomics to workplace promotion.

Search all fact sheets: Search. Type a word, a phrase, or ask a question. A - Compressed Gas Class A. Higher concentrations can affect respiratory function and cause excitation followed by depression of the central nervous system. A high concentration can displace oxygen in the air. Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations are driven by a combination of outdoor CO 2 , indoor breathing and the ventilation rate of the building.

As buildings and homes become more energy-efficient and airtight, this means we have less fresh air. Many of the ventilation systems we use today recycle air to conserve energy, essentially moving the contaminated air around rather than cycling in new air. This results in high CO 2 concentrations and poor indoor air quality. High levels are directly correlated to low productivity and high sick leave making this a crucial concern in offices, schools and home environments.

Studies show that people have a much harder time learning, performing simple and complex tasks, and making decisions, as CO 2 levels rise. Students in a classroom with CO 2 levels of ppm had much worse test scores than at ppm.